Two
Types of Computer Programming Paradigm
1.
Structured Programming
A programming paradigm aimed
at improving the clarity, quality, and development time of a computer program by making extensive use of subroutines, block structures, and for and while
loops - in contrast to using simple tests and jumps, such as the goto statement, which could lead to "spaghetti code", which is
difficult both to follow and to maintain.
It is also known
as procedural programming that uses the principles of the Top-Down Design Principle, which was first created by Dr. Edsger W. Dijktstra in the 1960s. It
uses the following control structures:
a. Sequence - ordered statements or subroutines executed
in sequence
b. Selection/Condition - one or a
number of statements that are executed depending on the state of the program; This
is usually expressed with keywords, such
as if-then-else and switch-case statements.
c. Iteration/Loops - a statement or block is executed until the
program reaches a certain state, or operations have been applied to every
element of a collection. This is usually expressed with keywords, such as while, do-while, repeat-until, for.
Often it is recommended that each loop should only have one entry point (and in the original structural programming,
also only one exit point, and a few languages enforce this).
Examples of structure
programming language are as follows: COBOL, ALGOL, FORTRAN, SNOBOL, LOGO,
Pascal, BASIC, Modula-2, C, Perl, and PL/I.
2.
Object
Oriented Programming
A
programming a paradigm based on the concept of "objects", which are data structures that contain data, in the form of fields, often known as attributes; and code, in the form of procedures,
often known as methods. A distinguishing feature of objects is that
an object's procedures can access and often modify the data fields of the
object with which they are associated (objects
have a notion of "this"). In OO programming, computer programs
are designed by making them out of objects that interact with one another. There
is significant diversity in object-oriented programming, but most popular
languages are class-based,
meaning that objects are instances of classes,
which typically also determines their type.
This object-oriented programming concept
was first introduced in the 1960s in a programming language called Simula 67, which is created by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard at the Norwegian Computing Center in Oslo, Norway.
There are
three (3) major features in object-oriented programming: encapsulation,
inheritance, and polymorphism.
Encapsulation is the inclusion within a program
object of all the resources need for the object to function. Basically, the
methods and the data.
Inheritance is a mechanism where you can derive a
class from another class for a hierarchy of classes that share a set of
attributes and methods.
Polymorphism means the ability to take more than one
form. An operation may exhibit different behaviors in different instances. The
instances depend upon the type of data used in the operation. The word polymorphism means having many forms. In
simple words, we can define polymorphism
as the ability of a message to be displayed in more than one form. Real-life
examples of polymorphism, a person at the same time can have the same characteristic.
Examples of an object-oriented programming language areas
follows Java, C++, C#, Python, PHP, JavaScript, Ruby, Perl, Object Pascal,
Objective-C, Dart, Swift, Scala, Common Lisp, and Smalltalk.
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